शूद्र और पिघले सीसे की वास्तविकता
Reality of Molten Lead & Śudras
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१. आदि शंकराचार्य ब्रह्म सूत्र के भाष्य में कहते हैं कि शास्त्रानुसार शूद्रों को वेदमंत्रों का अधिकार नहीं है।
Ādi Śankarāchārya, in his commentary on Brahm Sutra, says that Śūdras have no right to study Vedas.
Reality of Molten Lead & Śudras
—
१. आदि शंकराचार्य ब्रह्म सूत्र के भाष्य में कहते हैं कि शास्त्रानुसार शूद्रों को वेदमंत्रों का अधिकार नहीं है।
Ādi Śankarāchārya, in his commentary on Brahm Sutra, says that Śūdras have no right to study Vedas.
२. प्रमाण में उन्होंने गौतम धर्मसूत्र का उल्लेख किया है। इसमें कहा गया है कि “यदि कोई शूद्र •प्रयत्नपूर्वक• वेदमंत्र सुनता है तो…
He refers to Gautam Dharmasutra to support his position. Gautam DS says that “if a S̤udra •deliberately• listens to Veda mantras, then..
He refers to Gautam Dharmasutra to support his position. Gautam DS says that “if a S̤udra •deliberately• listens to Veda mantras, then..
३. …उसके कानों में पिघला सीसा डालना चाहिए।” कुछ लोग कहते हैं कि यह केवल आलंकारिक भाषा है - इतिहास में ऐसे दण्ड का कोई उल्लेख नहीं मिलता।
…molten lead should be poured into his ears.” Some people see this as idiomatic language - there are no such instances in recorded history.
…molten lead should be poured into his ears.” Some people see this as idiomatic language - there are no such instances in recorded history.
४. ज्ञात रहे कि धर्मसूत्र सबसे प्राचीन धर्मशास्त्र हैं और वेदों पर आधारित हैं। पर अन्य सूत्रकारों ने ऐसी कोई बात नहीं कही है।
It must be noted that Dharmasūtra are oldest Dharmaśāstra, based on Vedas. However, other composers of Dharmasūtra do not lay down any such punishment.
It must be noted that Dharmasūtra are oldest Dharmaśāstra, based on Vedas. However, other composers of Dharmasūtra do not lay down any such punishment.
५. आगे चल कर धर्मसूत्रों का स्थान स्मृतियों ने ले लिया। ५६ स्मृतियाँ प्रामाणिक रूप में आज उपलब्ध हैं, जिनमें मनुस्मृति मुख्य है।
In later period, Smritis replaced Dharmasūtras as source of law. There are many smritis - 56 are available even now, with Manusmriti being best known.
In later period, Smritis replaced Dharmasūtras as source of law. There are many smritis - 56 are available even now, with Manusmriti being best known.
६. इन ५६ स्मृतियों में से किसी में भी शूद्रों के कानों में पिघला सीसा डालने का कोई उल्लेख नहीं है। मनुस्मृति में भी नहीं।
Not a single one of these 56 Smritis suggests such a harsh punishment. Neither does Manusmriti.
Not a single one of these 56 Smritis suggests such a harsh punishment. Neither does Manusmriti.
७. स्पष्ट है कि गौतम ऋषि के कठोर दंड का किसी भी अन्य धर्मशास्त्रकार या स्मृतिकार ने समर्थन या अनुमोदन नहीं किया है।
Clearly Gautam rrși’s harsh views on this were not supported or endorsed by any other composer of Dharmasūtras or Smritis.
Clearly Gautam rrși’s harsh views on this were not supported or endorsed by any other composer of Dharmasūtras or Smritis.
८. यदि कहें कि आदिशंकराचार्य ने इसका अनुमोदन किया तो यह ठीक नहीं है। उन्होंने केवल इसका उल्लेख किया है - इस पर कोई निर्देश नहीं दिया है।
It is also not true that Ādiśankarāchārya endorsed this. He merely quoted Gautam to show that Śūdras are not authorised to study Vedas.
It is also not true that Ādiśankarāchārya endorsed this. He merely quoted Gautam to show that Śūdras are not authorised to study Vedas.
९. याद रहे कि आदिशंकराचार्य ने ही मनीषा पंचकम् की रचना करी जिसमें उन्होंने एक चाण्डाल को उसके ब्रह्मज्ञान के आधार पर गुरू माना है।
Remember that Ādiśankarāchārya states clearly in his Manīșā Panchakam, that if a Chāndāl is a Brahmgnani, then he will accept him as Guru.
Remember that Ādiśankarāchārya states clearly in his Manīșā Panchakam, that if a Chāndāl is a Brahmgnani, then he will accept him as Guru.
१०. अल बरुनी ने ११वीं शताब्दी में लिखा कि यदि कोई वैश्य या शूद्र वेदमंत्र सुने या उच्चारण करें तो ब्राह्मण न्यायाधीश से कह कर उसकी जीभ कटवा देते हैं।
In 11th century, Al Beruni wrote that if a Vaiśya or Śudra hears or recites Vedamantra, then Brahmins have his tongue cut out.
In 11th century, Al Beruni wrote that if a Vaiśya or Śudra hears or recites Vedamantra, then Brahmins have his tongue cut out.
११. यहाँ प्रश्न उठता है कि वैश्यों के ऊपर वेदमंत्रों का कभी भी प्रतिबंध नहीं रहा। अर्थात् अल बरुनी के पास सही सूचना नहीं थी।
But Vaiśya were required to study Vedas - not barred from them. It therefore seems that Al Beruni did not have reliable knowledge on this issue.
But Vaiśya were required to study Vedas - not barred from them. It therefore seems that Al Beruni did not have reliable knowledge on this issue.
१२. दूसरी बात यह है कि शुक्रनीति, चाणक्य अर्थशास्त्र या कामन्दकीय नीति में ऐसे किसी भी दण्ड का उल्लेख नहीं मिलता।
Again, Śukranīti, Chānakya Arthaśastra, Kāmandakīya Nīti don’t mention any such punishment.
Again, Śukranīti, Chānakya Arthaśastra, Kāmandakīya Nīti don’t mention any such punishment.
१३. ऐसे में कोई भी न्यायाधीश ऐसा दण्ड कैसे दे सकेगा? इसलिए अल बरूनी का वक्तव्य संदेहास्पद माना जाएगा।
In such a case, what would be the basis for a judge to mete out such a punishment. Therefore, Al Beruni’s statement appears to be unreliable.
In such a case, what would be the basis for a judge to mete out such a punishment. Therefore, Al Beruni’s statement appears to be unreliable.
१४. ईसाई मिशनरियों के आने पर स्थिति बदल गई। उन्होंने दुर्भावना फैलाने के लिए यह दुष्प्रचार किया कि शूद्रों को ऐसे कठोर दण्ड दिए जाते थे।
Perceptions changed when Christian missionaries landed here. Their propaganda spread lies that Śūdras were often given such harsh punishment.
Perceptions changed when Christian missionaries landed here. Their propaganda spread lies that Śūdras were often given such harsh punishment.
१५. कुछ मिशनरियों ने कुटिलतापूर्वक इसको मनुस्मृति से जोड़ दिया जबकि मनुस्मृति में ऐसा कोई श्लोक ही नहीं है।
Some missionaries spread the white lie that this punishment was mentioned in Manu Smriti - when it is absolutely not.
Some missionaries spread the white lie that this punishment was mentioned in Manu Smriti - when it is absolutely not.
१६. सोचें कि जिस समाज में शूद्र ब्राह्मणी से विवाह करके संतान (चाण्डाल) उत्पन्न करके केवल समाज से निष्कासित होता था…
Imagine a society where a Śūdra could marry a Brahmin woman & have a child (chāndāl) without being executed. Would such a society pour molten lead in his…
Imagine a society where a Śūdra could marry a Brahmin woman & have a child (chāndāl) without being executed. Would such a society pour molten lead in his…
१७. वहाँ वेदमंत्र ध्यानपूर्वक सुनने पर इतना कठोर दण्ड कैसे पाएगा?
…ears for listening to Veda mantra?
…ears for listening to Veda mantra?
१८. अतः स्पष्ट है कि गौतम धर्मसूत्र का कठोर दण्ड केवल एक दुःस्वप्न रहा - कभी वास्तविकता में परिवर्तित नहीं हुआ ।
It is thus clear that the harsh punishment mooted by Gautam rrs̤i remained only a bad dream. It was never accepted or implemented in practice.
It is thus clear that the harsh punishment mooted by Gautam rrs̤i remained only a bad dream. It was never accepted or implemented in practice.
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